The World Wide Phase Out of Leaded Gasoline :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The World Wide Phase Out of Leaded Gasoline Leaded gasoline has been stressn to be one of the intimately efficient methods for releasing lead into the environment. Consequently, the existence of conduct gasoline contri justes to lead poisoning and overall poor health. Given these facts, many countries have phased lead extinct of gasoline, and the worldwide phase-out of leaded gasoline has been recommended (www.globalleadnet.org/pdf/BPWorldwideenvhealthpriority.02.pdf).The phase-out of leaded gasoline has been proven to be practical and cost efficient in the countries that have proceeded with the phase-out process. Some of these countries have been less-developed nations, but a great portion of them have been nations that are developed and industrial(www.globalleadnet.org/pdf/BPWorldwideenvhealthpriority.02.pdf). The cost efficiency of the phase-out process was the issue on which most of the class interchange focused. A great deal of the cost benefit of the phase out of leaded ga soline is seen in reduced health care costs in the nations that phase out leaded gasoline (www.globalleadnet.org). These health costs may or may not be seen in less developed nations that phase-out leaded gasoline. The health costs are seen in developed nations primarily because individuals in industrialized countries seek health care attention when ill. This may not be the case in less developed nations, where health care is not as centralized or well developed, and individuals may not be as well educated about seeking health care attention. If this is the case, and few people report illnesses in these countries, then the phase-out of leaded gasoline would not prove to be as cost effective in these nations, and may not be a good thing for the nation.Nations that are less developed alike have less money, and less money to spend on issues such as phasing out leaded gasoline. Instead, poorer, undeveloped countries must worry about more(prenominal) pressing issues, such as national d efense, food, infrastructure, etc. The debate in class focused for quite some time on the question Is it grateful to ask governments in developing, struggling nations to focus money into this type of computer programme that may do less good for the people than some other program? Or, is the phase-out of leaded gasoline a pressing issue for poor and undeveloped nations?On the same issue, is the phase-out of leaded gasoline a pressing issue when a great deal of money and time is being spent on developing technologies that would render gasoline in general obsolete? It can be argued, and was in class, that countries that are still developing would be better off saving money and effort until the world steps away from fossil fuels to the modernistic technologies.

Electrolysis Investigation :: Papers

Electrolysis Investigation Aim To investigate how voltage affects the amount of a grunter (Cu) deposited during electrolysis of copper sulphate solution (CuSO4). Variables ========= TEMPERATURE - Approximately 20 centigrade.The higher the temperature, the faster the ions move through the solution. Thus, more copper is deposited in the inclined time period. ELECTROLYTE (CONCENTRATION) - 100g per litre. The denser the solution, the sulky the reaction. The slower the reaction, the less copper is deposited in the given time period. VOLTAGE - (Input / Key Variable) 1-5 volts. The higher the voltage, the faster the ions move. The faster ions move, the more copper is deposited in the given time period. TIME - 1 minute. The longer the ions have to move, the more copper is deposited. ELECTRODES (AREA) - 211.2cm. The larger the electrode, the more copper can be deposited on it and faster. ELECTRODES (DISTANCE APART) - 5cm. The further obscure the elec trodes, the further the ions have to travel, and so it takes longer for the copper to be deposited and the less copper can be deposited in the given time period. Prediction I predict that the higher the voltage, the faster the ions in the copper sulphate solution will move and so deposit more copper at the cathode in the given time period. If I decrease the voltage less copper will be deposited. Below is some scientific theory to back up my prediction. Scientific Theory Electrolysis is the process of decomposing compounds by electrical energy. An element is produced at each electrode. In my experiment the copper sulphate will start to decompose. At the cathode copper will be formed. Oxygen will be formed at the anode. This causes the anode to wear away while the cathode gains mass. According to Faradays second law of electrolysis, The measuring stick of a substance that is electrolysed is proportional to the quantity of the electricity used. It f ollows that the speed at which a substance is

Abortion: How Does He Really Feel? :: Essays Papers

Abortion How Does He Really Feel? In the word, End of the Road by Rebecca Paley, she raises an enkindle point of why Dr. William Rashbaum does what he does as an spontaneous abortion doctor. This article was published in Mother Jones in the Sep/Oct 2003 issue. The setting of this article is placed around modern times. Even though abortion was made legal about 30 years ago, the thought of whether or not it is right is still an issue. This article takes an in depth look in view the life of an abortionist named Dr. William Rashbaum. The audience Paley is targeting are probably people that are for and have had abortions. Paley describes Dr.Rashbum as being an unruly, mad, sometimes compassionate, and doing it because its his job type of doctor. She says these things because he doesnt care about what anyone says. Paley interviewed people that know him personally to give credibility of how he really is. She asked a second-trimester abortion prov ider who trained under Rashbaum what she thought of him. She stated A person who is more concerned with what people think of him than doing the fight thing wouldnt last. He cares more about doing the right thing than what people think of his personality. The main argument that Paley is stating is that Dr.Rashbum feels convicted for what he does but, he is only doing it because its his job. He even admits that it is effortful to do sometime. She makes sure she incorporated plenty of that in her article. Paley also makes this article a little confusing because she jumps back and forth between sides. She tries to justify him by putting little pieces of information that make him not seem so bad. In the next paragraph or two, she makes it seem that he is so prostitute for what he is doing. She doesnt do this directly, but indirectly. The tone Paley uses is a tone that is upset about abortions, but also making excuses for him. She should pick one side so it wouldnt be too har d to find her argument.

Copyright From a Computer Perspective :: Copyright Art Protection Papers

Copyright From a Computer Perspective Copyright, is one of nine Muses that inspires authors in modern society during the creative process. Copyright is a category of intellectual property, and the main idea behind intellectual property is to encourage creation, by ensuring authors with cognition of original works as their own. Copyright protects original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression by large-minded authors exclusive right to copy, distribute, and to create derivative works. Copyright and art usually go hand to hand, al close to anything that we can be right of jump publicationed can be fit into an art category. For example, songs and novel figure into the art of writing, dances can be classified under performing arts, and paintings and sculptures are art works. So, how does software product fit into copyright? Or does it fit at all? Software are electronic computer programs, and society does not think of computer programs as art, or cre ative. So what does the fairness say about copyright and software? In addition to copyright rights specified, by statutes and constitution, common-law is also a source of copyright protection. Common-law is the be of law derived from judicial decisions and opinions1. So what does common-law copyright say about software? In order to answer these questions we are going to divide software into smaller elements and discuss how each of them is protected by copyright. For the purpose of this analysis, software will be divided into software, code and algorithms. Software refers to the product itself, code refers to the computer instructions, or program the software was created from, and algorithms refer to the algorithms used in the program. The process will address issues such as where copyright comes from, what the law is, some of the most important cases dealing with these laws, as well as the issues surrounding them and the courts decisions. Finally from this analysis, we will be abl e to derive to what extent does copyright actually protects software. The states where the first to provide copyright laws, until in 1790 the first Copyright Act became law. An author may gain sole right and liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing and vending a map, chart, book, or books for fourteen years, ... Wheaton V. Peters, involving two reporters of the Supreme Court, was the first landmark decision in 18342.

Consumer product safety act :: essays research papers fc

Consumer Product Safety actionThe Consumer Product Safety Act states that any company that receives numerous complaints about a yields breaks must report these claims to the CPSA. According to the CPSA reporting responsibilities belong to manufacturers, importers, distributors and retailers of consumer products. Each is required to notify the bang if it obtains cultivation which reasonably supports the conclusion that a product fails to comply with a consumer product safety standard or banning regulation. Also if the product contains a defect which could create a substantial product hazard, creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury, or death to the consumer. The Commissions interpretative regulation explains the companys obligations and those of the Commission.. This requires manufacturers of a consumer product to report to the Commission if a particular model of a consumer product is the subject of three civil actions that realize been leveld in Federal or State court, each font alleges the involvement of that model in death or serious injury to the body. Then at least three of the actions will result in a final settlement involving the manufacturer or in a judgment for the plaintiff within any one of the deuce year periods specified. The first two year period began to run on January 1, 1991 and ends on December 31, 1992. The second two year period starts on January 1, 1993 the third, on January 1, 1995 and so forth. Manufacturers must file a report within 30 days after the settlement or judgment in the third civil action to which the reporting compulsion applies. Why is the reporting required? The intent of Congress was to encourage widespread reporting of potential product hazards. Congress sought not only to have the Commission uncover substantial product hazards, but also to identify risks of injury which the Commission could attempt to prevent through its own efforts, such as information and education programs, safety labeling, and adoption of product safety standards. Although CPSC relies on sources other than company reports to identify substantial product hazards, reporting by companies is invaluable because firms often learn of product safety problems long before the Commission does. For this reason, any company involved in the manufacture, importation, distribution or sale of consumer products should farm a system of reviewing and maintaining consumer complaints, inquiries, product liability suits and comments on the products they handle. If a firm reports to the Commission it does not necessarily mean there is a substantial product hazard.

A Comparison of Classic and Contemporary Philosophers Essay -- essays

A Comparison of Classic And Contemporary PhilosophersWhy is it so authoritative that young children in our society receive a good education? The answer to that question is very simple because they are our future. The old saying the youth of today are the leaders off tomorrow holds to a greater extent truth than many people realize. By giving children a good start at an early age we are only helping ourselves as well as the children. A good example of this is can be seen in our society. By the time a teacher in our society retires from his or her position their students will have made it out into the real world and taken jobs. This bare-ass generation will be the ones to make the decisions about laws such as Social Security, and Medicaid. The students will be able to turn these programs around and make them more beneficial to their recipients. These teachers who are now retired will be the ones who are collecting Social Security and reaping the benefits of the childrens solid educa tion. The idea of educating the youth is not sluice close to a new idea. Philosophers such as Jean Jacques Rousseau in the seventeen deoxycytidine monophosphates and even farther back than that to the time of Plato in three hundred eighty six B.C. and after. Both of these great men shared similar ideas on how children should be taught so that they can get the most out of their education. though educational philosophy dates back thousands of years, there are still many great thinkers who are revolutionizing teaching with their philosophies today. In the later part of the twentieth snow there was also Paulo Friere who is considered by some to be the greatest thinker of his time and also Maxine Greene who has also greatly changed education in todays society. Thanks to these great minds along with many others, modern day education was revolutionized. Many of the teaching techniques and ideals that are practiced in the classroom today originated from these philosophers. These iv phil osophers though from two very different time periods had some very similar ideas about education.Jean Jacques Rousseau said that children are born innocent and pure, and bring forth contaminated by the world, as they grow older. Everything is good as it comes from the hands of the Maker of the world but degenerates once it gets into the hands of man. (Cahn 163) This quote shows that Rousseau truism the world as an imperfect place that corrupted ... ...that they had a firm grasp on what it takes to place children a proper education, and to prepare them for the real world. The approaches that they proposed would give students more of a drive or desire to learn. In toadys society school is just a hassle that kids have to come in up with. I think that if children were taught in the way that Plato, Rousseau, Friere, and Walzer said they should be, our society would be very different. One other thing that I found interest about these philosophers is the fact that they all had very si milar philosophies about education even though one live around 300 B.C. and another in the seventeen hundreds while the other two in the later part of the twentieth century. I guess that no matter the time period, its like they eternally say great minds think alike.Works CitedCahn, Steven M. Classic And Contemporary Readings In The Philosophy of Education. Apr 20, 2002. McGraw Hill Co. 1997.Educational Philosophy. http//home.pacbell.net/altsch/Philosophy.html. Aug 11, 1999. HotBot.com. Accessed Apr 20,2002.Plato. http//www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Plato.html . Jan 1999. Google.com. Accessed Apr 20,2002.

Cultures in Motion Discussion

From the introduction up to chapter 7 in the reading of Cultures in Motion by author Peter N. Stearns, does a profound job in doing what was expressed would be d unmatch able-bodied within the first few pages of his book. The basis of focusing on galore(postnominal) different cultures and the encompassing contact was very centre and cut down to a short straight to the get style but was given a wide range of a big depression of most of the cultures and their history.The way Peter splits chapters one through seven into two parts, the first cosmos about early classical civilization explaining the cultures being born(p) in Egypt and the Middle-East, the explanation of Buddhism, Judaic, and Christianity. The second being of postclassical cultural contacts in which provides a view of a clear explanation of how everything was most likely formed and what became or has become of it. Within Chapters 1-5, Stearns provides vital information starting off with the Middle East and Egypt.He e xpresses how the Greeks had borrowed Egypt and the Middle East culture and civilization, and even though it was fine it came to the point of where they just wanted some acknowledgement but the Greeks never wanted to admit their borrowing so that then led to the complication of being competent to figure out the contacts. Following was the Hellenistic-Indian period, dealing with the great and powerful Alexander. This chapter made me see how insane Alexander was. He would start wars and win them, want more(prenominal) and get it. Until, his death bed reached him with his empire going down as fast as he got it.From there, it went to the history of Buddhism, and the way Stearns explains all that went down for this piety such as human suffering and sacrifice made me realize how extreme these religions can get. Although, it is nice to see how much respect and will one can have for something that doesnt seem so important to others, but is too many. Adding to that, a big part of all these cultures is of course the spread of them. schooling how and where these civilizations would be spread is very difficult to keep up with.In example, you have Buddhism in which many believe started in Asia but in reality started in classical India then spread to the north and east from trading and traveling, then followed into Southeast Asia continuing to migrate over in Hawaii and the Americas. Aside from that, the Jewish and Christianity spreading occurred. Having many killed and looked down on, those who were true believers stuck to their faith and helped continued to spread it. Finally, you reach the postclassical period describing how Islam and Christianity spread.The spread of Islam began in Arabia and the Middle East, fleeing out to Africa, Asia, and Europe creating the whole kit and caboodle of actually more people learning about it through trade and missionary activities. As for Christianity, Europe was the one to spread it into the Americas not only bring this important cultural contact but also new animals, diseases, and rulers. Once the culture was introduced it went on into North America where the religious heritage of Europe was being brought upon. Therefore, Peter N. Stearns provides history on how and where the many cultures came about in example from Egypt to the Middle East, to India and Asia, etc.Where trading was being done and wars were being fought with hundreds of thousands of people from different cultures themselves. These cultures had many contacts in which many we will never know. Although, you come to the conclusion of realizing that cultures and civilization have a great amount of information, facts, and stories to be said to be able to learn and understand how a culture was created and what was happening during that moment that is where Peter N. Stearns does a well job in explaining the Cultures in Motion.

Causes of Prejudice

Prejudice is an opinion that is not based on actual evidence or experience. In Causes of Prejudice, Vincent Parillo describes the psychological and sociological reasons of prejudice. Among these causes, thwarting is defined to produce a prejudicial attitude towards others. Parillo explains in his work that throughout history, minority groups have been apply as scapegoats to take the blame for certain events. He clarifies that scapegoating is the act of blaming others for an incident that is not their fault.This idea is also visible in the novel To belt down a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, in the art where a lawyer named Atticus tries to prove an African American innocent who has been falsely charged with raping a white woman. Therefore, both Parillos Causes of Prejudice and Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird comport that defeat is a cause of prejudice because of an increase in infringement towards a scapegoat. To begin with, frustration is caused by relative deprivation, which is t he lack of resources in an individuals environment when compared to others.This results in aggression towards a scapegoat in order to scavenge this tension. Frustrated people ay easily strike out against the perceived cause of their frustration. However, this reaction may not be possible because the true source of the frustration is often too nebulous to be identified or too powerful to act against (Parillo 583). His view is also seen in To Kill a Mockingbird, when Mayella Ewell claims gobbler Robinson has raped her. Atticus tries to prove to the Jury that tomcat Robinson in fact did not rape Mayella and that she, a white woman, kissed Tom, a black man.Mayella is an Ewell a actually poor family in the town of Maycomb and therefore she has to live through tough onditions which include living behind the garbage dump, barely having any money to support her dad and seven siblings, as well as being beaten by her own father. Most importantly, she is frustrated that she always find ou ts dissatisfied with her life since she was neer able to experience any happiness by being isolated from the rest of the world. Therefore, she tries to at least kiss a black man to feel some sense of happiness.When she realizes it is condemned by society, her frustration increases partly because society is not allowing her to have a small amount of happiness, and o she shows her aggression by blaming Tom Robinson for raping her. In addition, aggression resulted from frustration is pinpointed towards scapegoats because they share similar characteristics of being vulnerable to blame. The group must be (1) highly visible in physical look or observable customs and acations (2) not strong enough to strike back (3) situated within easy access of the dominant group .. (Parillo 584). To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in southern Alabama in the 1930s. This was the time period where prejudice against African Americans was present. Segregation was present because having white scrape up was een to be better than having black skin. This simple difference in skin food colour resulted in an unfair treatment of African Americans. Separate bathrooms, drinking fountains, churches, and schools resulted for African Americans and whites. Also, since whites felt that the blacks were inferior to them, they tended to assume all blacks were unintelligent.When Mayella copes with her frustration of being isolated from the rest of the world by blaming Tom Robinson, the court looks at his skin color instead of the evidence given tor this case. Even though Atticus provides plenty ot evidence that roves that it was impossible for Tom to commit the rape of Mayella, Tom is still be guilty because even if Mayella is part of the lower class of Maycomb, she is still a white woman, making her superior to Tom Robinson.It is evident that frustration plays an important part in determining prejudicial attitudes. Both the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and Causes of Prejudice by Vinc ent Parillo, agree that frustration is caused by relative deprivation and when aggression forms, the blame is placed on scapegoats. These scapegoats share similar characteristics which allow them to be vulnerable to the blame that falls upon them.

Imperial Presidency Essay

The violet Presidency The Imperial Presidency is a term that was created and made cognize by Arthur Schlesinger. The term is defined as a belief that the presidency is becoming too partful. The modern chairwoman has many powers that the founding fathers did not condition for them to have. This increase in power has started ever since the formation of death chair Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, and World War II. The term conveys a chair that has imperial powers and is authoritarian. The prexy can make many decisions that the founding fathers did not intend for him to have the power to make.This includes calling a state of emergency, and declaring war without putting it through recounting first. These powers are not necessarily bad but they can be taken advantage of. This violates the role the founding fathers intended relative to have. They intended congress to be the center of decision-making. The modern president also has a large Executive staff. It is the presidents staff m aking big decisions on his behalf that has caused the president to become more powerful. Presidents also have the right to secrecy and they can withhold any information they want from the public.One historical example of Imperial presidency would have to be the role of Colonel Oliver North in the funding to the Contras in Nicaragua, under the presidency of Reagan. This was a huge contravention of a joined States Congressional ban, and exemplifies just how much influence and power one member of a large White House staff could have. This was a huge misadventure for Reagan and the Government of the join States since it had been illegally financing a civil war of the Contra guerrillas against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua.According to the constitution, the president is Command and Chief of the military forces of the United States. Therefore he is able to declare war at any time, without the consent of congress. This is one of the most powerful powers that the president holds. The president also has the power to sign or oppose all legislative bills passed by the congress. Thus giving him more power than congress, which is not what is ideally supposed to be, unless Congress over-rides the veto by a two-thirds vote. These are two formal owers that the president uses in order to promote imperial presidency. There are many informal powers that the president uses to expand his role as an imperial president. One of them is the fact that the president has more access to information, knowledge, or expertise than Congress does. This once again puts the president in ahead of congress in being the most powerful. Another informal power the president has is the power to make an executive agreement. An Executive savvy is the pact made by the president with heads of foreign nations.They do not need congressional approval. So congress would not have a verbalize in these agreements. Personally, I do believe that the imperial Presidency does exist. It is no news that t he presidents executive staff has gradually increased since Roosevelt. These staff members that hold personal loyalty to the president, have powers that they were never intended to have. The power that the White House Chief to Staff position holds is nothing that ever was in the past presidents of the earlier centuries.The large number of officials surrounding the president and only listening to him, along with many other examples, suggests that an imperial presidency certainly does exist. I do believe that an imperial presidency is very necessary right now in the 21st century. The world is becoming more and more powerful, and our soil needs a kinglike leader to lead it or else congress will never decide on anything. Congress is now a companionship based body of government. Their actions tend to focus of what is best for their party rather than what is best for the country.

Milk and Cassava Cake Essay

Test for doneness please see Cooks Tip below. 5 Let the Cassava Cake cool down for 30 minutes or longer before slicing and serving. BENGS TIPS * The mandioca legal profession cooks faster if you portion the mix into 2 or 3 smaller pans than baking them all in one pan. The center of the cake gets cooked last so to test for doneness the top should be golden brown, then insert a toothpick in the center and if comes out clean, its done. * Substitution for a creamier, tastier cake, expenditure Half and Half, light cream or evaporated milk instead of whole milk. Also, you can use 6 egg yolks instead of 3 whole eggs.It is made from grated cassava which Filipinos call kamoteng kahoy or balanghoy. Desserts made from cassava are very popular because cassava is easily grown anywhere in the country. This is another kakanin (Filipino native sweet delicacies) that is so perfect for special occasions and even for regular snack or sweet. It is so easy to make just mix all the ingredients and put it in the oven The only hard part is waiting for it to bake Cassava cake is so popular that there are a lot of different versions available.In a large bowl, mix all cake ingredients thoroughly. 4. Transfer to a lightly greased baking dish or pan. cook for 1 hour. 5. Pour the condensed milk and egg mixture on top of the cassava cake. Bake for 20 minutes more or until desired brown color is achieved. (I usually bake it for 25-30 minutes because my husband loves it with a little burnt sides. ) 6. consume from oven and allow to cool down completely. (In the Philippines, it is usually topped with grated cheese, but my daughters dont like it that way so I omitted that part. ) 7. Slice and serve for dessert or even for snack.

Code Switching Essay

AbstractThough mandate droping research may vary from context to context and situation to situation, the vernacular factors for code switching entrust be threefold. That is, code switching serve ups with vocabularys in contact. In moveive affectionate situations code switching will be the social function of more than one linguistic process For example the interaction during various social events involving interlocutors who know more than one language. With these common factors of code switching this publisher looks into the Malayan context with special thrust to the various reasons involved for code switching during the social interactions. Data for the present paper were collected from the Tamil speaking undergraduate students of the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Their interaction in different identified domains involving three languages viz.Tamil, Malay and English were looked into. Gumperz (1982) while discussing the communicatory function of code switching, c laims that the speaker plays upon the connection of the we-code to force chatal upshot. Thus code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential functions of language that amounts to effective communication and interlingual unity. Apart from this function of code switching ,this paper could identifies several other reasons for code switching in the situations under have.Communicative functions and Reasons for Codeswitching Malaysian Perspective .Code switching is an all(prenominal)day reality in every place where more than one language is spoken in everyday communications. M any scholars have studiedextensively about the patterns of code switching and the reasons for code switching. The present paper discusses the communicative functions of code switching and also the sociolinguistic, cultural and pedagogic reasons for code switching in the Malaysian context. Data for the present study were collected from Tamil speaking University students who have enrolled as u ndergraduate students in the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.The selective information were collected from these students while they were interacting in different domains viz. classroom, university campus, family, market, neighborhood and so on In all these domains they have to interact with Malay and Chinese speakers apart from as well as with other Tamil speakers. It is observed that all the students from whom the data were collected are competent to a certain extent in Tamil, Malay and English.Communicative Functions of CodeswitchingGumperz (1982) when discussing communicative functions, mentions the discourse function of codeswitching, also called the personalization function of language. A speaker plays upon the connotation of the we-code to get a conversational effect. Thus, code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential function of language that amounts to effective communication and interlingual unity.Halliday (1975) on the other hand, debates cod e switching as fulfilling the interpersonal function of communication. Here the mixtureed language spoken plays the role of a mediator. In other words, it is the enforce of language to act as a mediator between self and participants in the communicative event.In fulfilling the relational and referential functions, code switching is seen as the medium to post both social and linguistic meanings. Gumperz (pg. 144, 1982) lists examples of situations created to convey meaning as given belowto appeal to the literateto appeal to the illiterateto convey precise meaningto ease communication, i.e., utilizing the shor interrogatory and the easiest route to negotiate with greater authorityto capture attention, i.e. stylistic, emphatic, emotionalto emphasize a pointto communicate more efficaciouslyto identify with a particular groupto close the status gapto establish goodwill and supportKaren Kow (2003) listed in her article a few thinkable conditions for code switching. Some of the condit ions given are, lack of one word in either languageSome activities have sole(prenominal) been experienced in one of the languages Some concepts are easier to express in one of the languagesA misunderstanding has to be clarified bingle wishes to create a certain communication effectOne continues to speak the language latest apply because of the trigger effect One wants to make a pointOne wishes to express group solidarityOne wishes to exclude another person from the dialogue.Kow suggests that from the list above, it may be possible to predict which conditions act on a particular sociolinguistic context for codeswitching, for example, when a person who lacks a word in English due to limited vocabulary code switches by using the lexical component from his/her first language instead of English. Therefore, the function here is to overcome the language barrier to meaning-making. Another example is a condition where the speaker, intending to express group solidarity, employs code switchi ng. The function for the switch in this case is to establish goodwill and rapport. Similarly series of conditions can be established for the phenomenon of code switching depending on the social context.Such communicative functions of codeswitching can also be listed according to the functions that they try to accomplish. Among these, the following ten functions have been described in the professional literature (Malik, 1994) inadequacy of FacilityLack of RegisterMood of the SpeakerTo emphasize a pointgeneral ExperienceSemantic significanceTo place identity with a groupTo portion out a different audiencePragmatic reasonsTo attract attention.1. Lack of facility According to Malik (1994), bilinguals or multilinguals very much explain that they code switch when they cannot reclaim an enchant expression or vocabulary event or when the language of conversation does not have the particular word needed to carry on the conversation smoothly. He offers the example of Charan Sparsh (tou ching feet) that does not convey the same meaning in the speakers code as it does in Hindi. The reason for switching may however be culturally conditioned and David (2003) notes that an alien concept often has a speaker switch to the language from which the concept is borrowed. For example, like the lexical item social drinker in English that is unacceptable in a Malay situation because of the simple fact that drinking alcohol is prohibited in Islam and the Malay-Muslim world does not have a word for it that is equivalent to its meaning in English. Hence, the phrase social drinker is directly borrowed and used as an eccentric of phrase level mixing as in the following exampleSaya difahamkan bahawa OKS jarang minum, hanya seorang social drinker I understand that OKS seldom drinks, he is only a social drinker2. Lack of register When speakers are not equally competent in two languages and when the speakers do not know the terms in two languages, then codeswitching occurs. For example , college students often code switch by moving from Hindi to English. In certain occupations code switching takes place in the speech of doctors, attorneys, engineers while they interact amongthemselves owing to the fact that proper terms in Hindi or in any other language other than English may not be available to them. As a result, they utilize the English terminology that they are familiar with. Thus, one can identify a great deal of lexical code mixing.As David (2003) notes, it is vital for a courtroom setting in Malaysia that a specific terminology be used to refer decent to an object or a character. The use of the exact terminology or vocabulary is important in this setting when the terminology plays an important role and has the authorization to make a major impact on life and death, freedom or imprisonment. Therefore, whichever the code is that enables the speaker to get his/her exact meaning across will be the one that is acceptable to the interactants including one where language mixing occurs. The following example cited by David is to the pointUjian alcohol telah dijalankan iaitu breath analyzer test. The alcohol test was conducted, i.e., a breath analyzer testThe term breath analyzer is in English rather than in the matrix language, Bahasa Malaysia, simply because of its context-bound significance.3. Mood of the speaker Malik (1994) claims that normally when bilinguals are tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension. This means, when the speaker is in the right state of mind, he/she can find the attach word or expression in the base language. Very often he/she knows exactly the word in both the languages (X and Y) but the language Y may be more available at the point of time when the speaker has a disturbed mind. Such circumstances may create a hurdle in getting the appropriate word or phrase in the language in which the speaker may be more proficient if he is not mentally agitated.4. To emphasize a point Switching is also u sed to emphasize a point. Gal (1979) reports several instances in which a switch at the end of an argument not only helps to end the interaction but may serve to emphasize a point.She has taken an example from English/German code switching and stressed that switching from English to German is a means of adding more force to the statement. Meanwhile, David (2003) uses the courtroom surroundings to show how a defending lawyer uses dominant Bahasa Malaysia to start with and shifts to English to emphasize an important point to the judge that the accused had not committed any crime for 10 years.Sebelum ini OKT pernah ditangkap pada tahun 1975 dan 1986. There has been a 10 years gap since the last offence Semenjak itu OKT telah berumahtangga, mempunyai kerja tetap dan insaf. Before this, OKT was caught in 1975 and 1986..since then OKT has married and has held a steady job5. Habitual experience Malik.(1994) stresses the fact that code switching often occurs in fixed phrases of greeting a nd parting, commands and request, invitation, expressions of gratitude and discourse markers such as Oyes (listen), you know or pero (but), whereas Hoffman (1971) reports that in Puerto Rican homes, the incur gives short commands to their children in English, such as Dont do that. and the rest of the mothers warning will be in Spanish.David (2003), in turn, cites an example of habitual mixed discourse in a Malaysian courtroom where the dominant or matrix language is Bahasa MalaysiaKes merupakan arrest case atau kes rain tree?Is this an arrest case or a summons case?6. Semantic significance Malik (1994), Gumperz (1970, 1976, 1982), and Gumperz and Hernandez (1972) all stresses that switching at a particular moment conveys semantically significant information. It is a communicative resource that builds on participants perception of two languages. Lexical choice conveys meaning during codeswitching. Gal (1979) reinforced this view by stating that listeners interpret codeswitching as an indicator of the speakers attitude, or communicative intents and emotions as code switching is a tool for conveying appropriate linguistic and social information.By the same token, David (2003) describes a range of speech acts like reprimands, directives, requests, and warnings that are conveyed by using different intricate strategies to show the semantic significance in certain specific situations. It is not only the lawyer who code switches, but also the judge. The example below shows how a judge shifts from Bahasa Malaysia, the field language and the official language at Malaysian courts, to English as a face saving gestureKenapa kamu tak setuju, panggilan pertama telah dijawab oleh BG son dan dah tentu Das mesti menanya di manakah BG Boy berada? Kamu tak faham soalan, saya maksudkan Why dont you agree Bg Boy responded to the first call and surely Dos asked where he was ? You do not understand the question, I mean.7. To show identity with a group Di Pietro (1977) reports tha t Italian immigrants would tell a joke in English and give the punch line in Italian, not only because it was better said in Italian but also to stress the fact that they all belong to the same minority group, with shared values and experiences (cited in Malik, 1994).8. To address a different audience Malik (1994) states that code switching is also used when the speaker intends to address people coming from various linguistic backgrounds. For example, in India the television announcer often uses Hindi as it is the national language but also switches to English. Also, he often repeats the same in English for South Indians or Indian people who do not know Hindi.Similar types of situations have also been reported in some other settings. Linguistic reinforcement often takes place even in courts, according to David (2003) where counsels tend to speak to a number of different interlocutors at the same time. During such occasions obviously they mix codes or switch codes accordint to the et hnicity of the addressee. One reason for such use of mixed languages is to address simultaneously persons from different linguistic backgrounds. Also, the speaker clearly distinguishes whom he/she addresses and what should be communicated. Hence,the speaker uses part of the sentence in one language and the other part in another language. In the example below the lawyer used a mixed discourse of English/Malay, and the part of his utterance in English is directed to the judge and the other in Malay is meant for the witness.Objection, ada dua fakta di sini.The facts of the chart sheet are clear it is a clear indication of misinformation. mana satu nak jawab? Objection, there are two facts here. The facts of the chart sheet are clear its a clear indication of misinformation. Which one do you want to answer?The code switch is important as the judgment is dependent on the argument of the lawyer

Deviant Behavior Essay

One man having more than one wife can be a deviant behavior depending on the country and a fewbodys beliefs. Polygamy is considered normal and lawful in many countries, but it is outlawed in the United States. The people that believe in it say that monogamy is not natural and it oppresses the social structure. Those against it, say it is a religious offense, or that it violates a spouses right to intimacy. The Mormon belief is that polygamy is holy and was practiced unremarkably in ancient times. Having more than one wife is not only natural it is expected in most cases.However in other societies, some believe it is not only wrong but its also against the law. The law can be tricky at times especially when it involves faith because as long as a man is following the Mormon faith he can eat up more than one wife I think. The majority of incarcerated people live below the poverty level because they cant afford to hire a good attorney and have to gentle for the one appointed to them . However, those with money and power can buy just about anything, whether its a good lawyer, or to bribe people in high places.The deviant behavior of the powerful is generally considered to be their business and would normally be ignored by society. Someone who is less powerful would have to accept it and deal with whatever punishment they are given. If the wealthy and powerful are lucky enough, they will do a short Federal prison house time. The less fortunate go straight to jail or prison. For example, if an average person gets pulled over for a DUI, they will usually get their liscense suspended, serve 30 days or so in jail, and have large fines to pay. A person of power will most likely be able to lay bond within a few hours and pay court fines as soon as they can.

Macbeth the Weird Sisters Drive Macbeth to His Destruction

In shakespears Macbeth, the weird sisters are only one of the contributions to Macbeths destruction. though they do play a role, the other characters such as Lady Macbeth and even Macbeth himself contributes towards his destruction, with immense rivalry and greed to become king. The prophecies which the witches make are only temptations for Macbeth. The weird sisters never tell Macbeth what to do with these suggestions, he just becomes curious and disbelieving about(predicate) what the witches say, though takes their forecasts literally. The witches only make predictions about the future kingship of Macbeth tout ensemble hail, MacbethHail to thee, Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth, along with Lady Macbeth take the prophecies to in-depth and try to implement them as soon as they desire. The prophecies predicted by the weird sisters do occur in the end, but somewhat not how they wanted. After Lady Macbeth is told about the prophecies foretold by the witches, want for power seems to over rid e her and take control. Lady Macbeth devises a plan for Macbeth, so that he must kill Duncan who is king at the time, she expects Macbeth to accept, as their ambition for power is greater than from each one others.She treats Macbeth as he isnt man enough to take this plan to action and confronts him and tells him he isnt born of man. though Macbeth accepts the plan to Kill king Duncan, but Lady Macbeth get off the grounds to feel guilty for the actions that had been taken and her guilt leads to finis of her as she falls out her bedroom window. As Macbeth takes Lady Macbeths plan, his want for power is high at this point, not taking into reality what he really is doing. After Duncan is dead, Macbeths ambition has come alive and without delay really all is done in his eyes.Though with Malcom in anger, he grasps some help from Macduff, whom meets with Macbeth in town to have a fight. Which Macbeth looses causing all destruction upon himself and dies, which leaves the throne to Macd uff. Though in the start the witches provide Macbeth with prophecies of him becoming king, Macbeth takes his future into his own hands, telling Lady Macbeth of what had been predicted, so she herself helps drive him towards destruction and Macbeth, cosmos a fool for power brings all destruction down in the end.

Adam Bede Essay

George Eliot s novels are all dramas of moral conflict. She did not believe in ruse for arts sake, scarcely in art for moralitys sake. According to Leslie Stephen, George Eliot believed that a work-of art not only may. but must, exercise also an ethical influence. She believed that, our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. If we yield to temptation and sin, ugly and nemesis are sure to follow. We have to patronage down out the consequences of our own actions.Her tones suffer because they violate some moral code, because they yield to temptation whether consciously or unconsciously, in rapture Bede both Hetty and Arthur suffer for this discernment. Poignant tragedy is the result because both Arthur and Hetty are creatures of tripping moral fibre. They are unable to resist temptation. This moral weakness results in sin, which is followed by punishment and intent suffering. Arthur-Hetty story traces the movement from weakness to sin and from sin to nemesis. Stratagems of PassionThe stratagems of passion are soak upn with illuminating c1arrty when Arthur, later luncheon, is unable to recall the feelings and reflections which had been decisive in his decision to avoid Hetty. We are told of his conscious thoughts, and the self-deceptions and distortions of truth that we see in them make, so to speak, a chart of the subconscious force of his impulse to see her-as a gruelling underwater current, showing nosing on the surface, is yet known to be present by the extent to which its pull on the keel of a ship alters its course.It is in such accounts of motives, conscious and unconscious, that Arthur is created and exists as a character in the novel. Our recognition of his good intentions, self-deceptions and weaknesses of will make the portrayal real and acceptable to us. Maturity through Love We are not permitted to see the process by which Dinah is enabled to . overcome her fear, and it is a serious shift in the novel that it is so. All , we learn is that having been told by ecstasy of his respect for her and having admitted in turn a love for him, Oinah once more retreats to Stonyshire, not staying even long enough to participate in the Harvest Supper.Adam, after(prenominal) waiting for salwaysal weeks, is no longer able to endure the strain and sets out for Stonyshire to find her. As he leaves the Loamshire world and enters gray treeless Stonyshire, he is reminded of the painful past, but in an altered brightness for now he possesses what George Eliot calls a sense of enlarged cosmos, the consequences of thtt ruller life brought about by his suffering. He sees Stonyshire now through Dinahs eyes, as it were, and ifhis vision includes the barren land, it also includes the wonderful flooding demoralise and the large embracing sky.Adam waits for Dinah to return from her Sunday preaching not at her home, but on a hill top. Here, in the midst of her world, he discovers that Dnah has undergone a change, the power of her love for him has in a sense overcome her fears she feels like cl divided person without him, and she is willing to flummox his wife. He, therefore, takes her back to Loamshire whence she had so fled. It is not, however, to the green and golden world of. June with which the book began rather to an autumnal mature world.Here, on a rimy morning in departing November, when there is a tinge of sadness in the die hard as well as in the joy which accompanies the wedding, Adam and Dinah are married. it is in the fitness of things that they should so come together, for they are bound to either by their common suffering for Hetty and by their painful memories, suffering gives rise to kindness, and love based on such sympathy alone can be oval-fruited and lasting. Critic after critic has expressed the view that Adam is too good to be true.It has been verbalise that he is a perfect human being, George Eliots ideal, fully mature and enlightened from the genuinely beginning. and the truth is oppositewise. A moments reflection shows that he is proud, hard and self-righteous with little sympathy for ordinary sinners, which we all poor mortals are. As a matter of fact, the novel traces the process by which he gradually sheds his faultsof his education, enlightenment and maturity, through a process of suffering and love-and becomes ultimately a complete man, a fully integrated personality, through his love of Dinah and his marriage with her.The process of his education occupies the centre of the novel. The point would become clear, if we briefly consider this process. Hard and Self-righteous There can be no denying the fact that Adam is hard and self-righteous. In the very chapter we are told, The idle tramps always felt sure they could get a copper from Seth they scarcely ever spoken to Adam. This is the flaw (not a fatal one) in Adams innocence In fact, Adam is a stone-hearted person at the very beginning. The very fault in him lies in his over-confidence which makes him to think that he is righteous and it is not abuse in any way.This is told to us by the hymns he sings and the ending with the same hymn is not only appropriate but it also gives him the impression how much significant the hyn1n is? He does not harm anybody, knowingly. Not for a one moment he thinks when he hurts anybody. He is much confident about his doings, Ive seen pretty clear, ever since I could cast up a sum, as you can never do whats wrong without breeding sin and trouble more than you can ever seen. His confidence is shaken when he catches his jock red handed while making love with his beloved Hett, in the woods.He realises his mistakes, how incomplete his psychical seeing has been He understood it all now-the locket, and everything else that had been doubtful to him a terrible scorching light showed him the private letters that changed the meaning of the past. Here starts the process of his education and self-realisation. Realities of Midlands Life George Eliots novels reveal the very aspects of the side Midlands, more specially Warwickshire and Coventry. The beauty of these Midlands plains caught the attraction of her eyes and these plains found their setting in her novels.Quite a feature of the scenery-and indeed of Warwickshire generally is that the hedges are everywhere closely painted with trees, whose height, as well as the riotous wastefulness of the hedgerose, give evidence of a kindly soil and climate. Methodic Themes Written by Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity was translated into English by George Eliot. The influence of Feuerbach can be seen in George Eliot, in her works. In the higher up mentioned book, Feuerbach talks about the religious significance of water, wine and chou. All of three are sacred for him.The reason for the sacredness of water lies in the fact that it isa force of nature and it keeps us reminding that we have our generators in nature, the same origin of other lower creatures. Thus necessity of water symbolises our oneness with nature and Baptism as well. Wine and bread are man made things which look towards nature for the raw-material, thus symbolises that man is much superior to other lower creatures who are not so efficient to modify natural things. In the Christian ritual of Baptism, only water is used, for innocent and pure-hefirted childrn.Whereas for the mature man, the Lords supper which includes wine and bread, is served. It suggests that man is much higher up animals. If the man is hungry and thirsty, he will no more remain a human being and taking of bread and wine restores him to his humanity. This truth is revealed to us through three suppers which is taken by Adam and his humanity kept ever-present in him. ReferencesEliot. George. Adam Bede. New York Penguin. 1996. Greegor. G. R. George Eliot a collection of critical essays. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. , scholar Hall. 1970. Ian Adam.Character and Destiny in George Eliots Fiction. Nineteenth-Century Fiction. U niversity of California Press 1965. 127-143 Jones, Robert Tudor A critical exposition on George Eliots Adam Bede. London Macmillan. 1968. Levine. G. L The Cambridge companion to George Eliot. Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pletzen, E Van. Eliots Adam Bede. The Explicator. 56, no. 1, (1997) 23. Thale, Jerome. The novels of George Eliot. New York, Columbia University Press, 1959. Watt, Ian P. The Victorian novel modern essays in criticism. London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1971.

Practicum observation reflection -special education Essay

This lesson is active teaching winter to students with horrific redundant needs. We talk about winter all the time with our students, especially when it snows or is very ho-hum or very cold outside. I think winter is a common topic in our passing(a) conversation, often used to break the ice with co-workers, classmates or even strangers. Whats more, its distinguished to understand what weather reporters or other people are talking about when you need to define what to wear. therefore, I assumed that incorporating a winter lesson into a class for students with special needs is a costly idea. Weather is an interesting topic toteach- I need to consider my students prior knowledge and their study level, thither are many simple, engaging and effective ways in which I can teach my special education students about the weather. A student misconception is the students will think snow comes from the clouds sweating. I designed this lesson to put up a systemic introduction to winter. I focused on relating students prior experience and knowledge from daily lives with the story- a snowy day with new vocabulary. In the following group activity, students experienced the winter by using their senses (sight, hearing, smell and touch).Tailored to severe needs students, the explanation of the why winter comes and goes will be touched upon briefly but the students will not be expected to fully understand this concept. The instructor will be more concerned with the students understand of how winter affect us. One thing that I hope the students would get out of my lesson is with prompting and support, denounce connections between a story or metrical composition and ones induce experiences. Students can learn winter vocabulary (New words Snowsuit, footprints, stick, plop, angel, slid, snowball, thought, melted), and to know about a weather-snowexperience.I feel the activity make your footprints was successful because all of the students were engaged and participating. S tudents enjoyed working with the sponges and creating their own footprints. Since there was a minimal amount of information involved during this activity, students were able to grasp it more. The biggest challenge is how to make the teaching more effective to students with more difficult behaviors. Since Autism is a spectrum disorder, which means that there is a childlike degree of variation in the way it affects the students.Theircommunication level and learning patterns varies from each other as well. Some are always low motivated and some are quite sensitive (out of control). I was wondering how much information they leave received and how much they have perceived? How to let these students to a fault have the sense of participation? In some choice making sections, I dont know how long I should wait for their responses, or how many times I should repeat the question. There are several things that I would change if I taught this lesson again. I would like to make some accommodat ions for several(a) learners.For example pictures forESL students, differentiated center for different learning styles, give enough time for students to respond and precaution/emergency concerns in class. In addition, I would develop more steps in assessment part. such(prenominal) as pre-assessment before the lesson, formative assessment, and summative assessment at the end of the lesson to check their final learning outcomes. I felt that there were good things about this lesson as well as things that I could have improved upon. Over all, students seemed to enjoy the lesson. I think I met my learning objectives according to the class reception and feedback.

Quick warm Essay

Station 1Here, I depart be doing a quick solid up which means I exit start carry on for about 30 seconds so that my muscles bay window start to work slowly doing this exit help me to have an easier time while doing my stretches in the next stage because if I suddenly stretch a muscle that I havent worked on then I leave alone have to have my P.E. kit and my trainers on which means from now on till the end of the circuit I will have to apply the safety rules to my circuit and I oerly have to have all the equipment needed to complete the circuit. (2 minutes break after thisthe 2 minutes of break is not included in the real exercise time)Station 2This is more than strategic then the first one because this is where I will be doing my stretches. There are more stretch types that I coffin nail do but firstly I have to start the reaching from my pet down to my legs which means I will firstly stretch my neck I lav do this by doing some movements such like if you turn your hea d from right to left or if you face up and then face down then you will start working your muscles. Your neck should be stretched because in badminton the snort usually goes up high and you will need to make a sudden move with your neck muscles to see where it is going so that you can belt it back to the opposition. later this there is an separate important body part that needs to be stretched and thats my blazon. Stretching of my arms will take 20 seconds so it is 10 seconds for each arm after this I will start to stretch my legs and that will take 30 seconds so its 15 seconds for each leg. These two move are important because these are the only parts that badminton is played with and the reason of stretching these is because if I yen any muscles in these parts I cannot play badminton till I recover and recovery depends on how bad it is. (2 minutes break time)Station 3In this part of the circuit the exercise that I will do is discharge because if I improve my speed I will be subject to act quickly and this will allow me to run around the court truehearteder so that I can reach the shuttlecock straight away. This will also increase my stamina if I do it often. In this same section I can also stretch my arm muscles while running because my leg muscles will already be stretching when I am running because I will be working them a lot. (2 minutes break time)Station 4Here, I will commit with free weights for around 2 minutes and that is 1 minute for each arm. This will help my muscles to modernise better and stronger. If I get stronger I can hit the shuttlecock faster which means it will help me to win the game that I am playing and I can see the balance by doing another exercise after this and that exercise can be taking some shots. And if I can do it faster, then this means using free weights is a good way of warm up.Station 5In this one I will be standing against a fence in or a friend and will be practising overhead shots so that this skill can al so get better. This skill is always needed in a badminton game where you hold the racquet over your head and you watch or chase the shuttlecock as it comes down and you hit it very fast from above your head to above your opponents head. It usually goes over them and you get the points but sometimes opponents can not chase the shuttlecock that good and they just miss it and lose a point. This happened to me twice and it is also the other reason for me to practise these shots.Station 6Here I will be practising the most important thing in badminton. Serving. Serving is a very hard thing and can lose you a lot of points if you dont know how to do it. For a work on you will have to support the racquet below your waist and work your way up as you leave the shuttlecock that you will be holding in your other hand. Practising this will get you many points in the game because if you serve really good the opponents sometimes misses to hit the shuttlecock back to you.Station 7Here I will be ta king shot from one side of the court to the hoops that are on the other side of the court. This will help me to measure the speed that I should be hitting the shuttlecock with and by doing this I will be able find out where the shuttlecock goes when I hit it from one place or another.Station 8From here I will start jogging as I have finished the warming up so this means that I can also take a few shots and keep on jogging till I have that my muscles are back to normal or as relaxed as they can be.Station 9This is where I will be picking up all the equipment and putting them back to its place. Here I will also tell my teacher that I have completed my circuit and that it went fine (or if there was any problems, then they should be told to the teacher).EvaluationIn this coursework I did everything that I was asked to do and my graphs also gave me good and spotless results which have proved my circuit right. There could have been better things in this coursework but my illness do me lose 3 double PE lessons where it was talked about the coursework and the lack of time we had really made it poor. Even though the coursework was a disaster I made a very good effort in putting everything together. I am hoping that this will be a good essay.